بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
أقدم لكم
ملخص مترجم بالعربية والأنجليزية
مشكلات التعليم فى مصر
The dawn of the 1990s
found Egypt facing serious problems in education—problems compounded by low
literacy rates and an exploding population. Educational quality, particularly
in basic education and in technical and vocational education, had seriously
declined. Increasing numbers of graduates were unemployable and virtually untrainable.
The curriculum was generally irrelevant to the students. School quality was
uneven, with better quality schools in urban areas where the wealthy could pay
for tutoring. Teachers lacked training in pedagogy. Learning, conducted with
martial drills and physical punishment, encouraged rote memorization rather
than critical thinking. For many Egyptian children, the result was fragmented
information, "never to be ground into knowledge." In-service
training, encumbered in bureaucracy and inconsistent funding, was shunned by
many teachers in favor of tutoring for extra income. Pre-school assessment
procedures did not exist. Required exams in primary and preparatory schools
were often poorly designed. The national secondary final exam was fact-recall. Free
education coupled with the population explosion led to burgeoning enrollments
at all stages; an expansion beyond the capacities of the schools. Chronic
teacher shortages, especially in rural primary schools, resulted from low
prestige, low pay, and migration of teachers to better jobs in other countries.
In 1985-1986, nearly 155,000 primary and secondary teachers served 9.6 million people, a ratio of about 62 students per teacher. An over-abundance of administrators depleted salary budgets. Serious underfunding was reflected in deteriorating buildings, overcrowded schools and classrooms, poor or absent libraries, and lack of technology. Some city schools operated two and even three shifts daily. Crowded public classrooms held as many as 100 students in some Cairo schools, which was not the case in private schools. Only 31 percent of primary children attended a full-day school system. Most secondary schools lacked scientific laboratory and computer equipment.
Comprehensive educational planning tying educational programs and output to national needs was lacking. A serious mismatch between supply and demand produced incompetent degree-holders in unwanted subjects. Unemployment was high. Almost half of the students did not complete the basic school. Attendance was often poor and laws requiring primary school attendance were not enforced. Significant regional differences existed with nearly 90 percent of the urban children attending school, but that percentage was often far less than 50 percent for rural children. Dropout and grade repetition rates were high. Against this backdrop, massive changes began in the 1990s.
Egypt is in the midst of these changes as it implements a sweeping revision of its educational system; a revision aimed at upgrading and modernizing and transforming it into a coherent, continuous educational process. The primary and preparatory curricula were redesigned to be more relevant and more scientific with emphasis on experimentation and critical thinking. Texts and teaching manuals were revised. Kindergarten was designated as a part of the formal system and included in the comprehensive planning. Gender and rural/urban inequities and illiteracy are being addressed with special rural programs targeting girls, programs designed to be flexible and relevant to local needs.
To improve the quality and quantity of the teaching staff, pre-service and in-service training was revised and performance-related (merit) pay and changes in the technical standards of supervisors and inspectors instituted. Curriculum and texts are under revision in industrial schools with new specializations.
Medical insurance is provided for students in kindergarten and basic education, financed by charging the children four Egyptian pounds annually. (Private school students pay more.) These fees, plus fees for "additional services" and for taking primary and preparatory school exams, and the price of uniforms and tutoring costs (averaging 10 percent of family income per child in 1997) effectively removed the "free" from free education placing it out of reach for Egypt's poorest. No fees are charged however, in the rural community and one-classroom schools or to orphans whose fathers died in military or government service.
Education in Egypt will continue to face shortages of teachers, schools, and equipment unless the state makes a far greater financial commitment. Two decades of dropping birth rates means that the school-age population peaked in 1997 that should help to prevent shortages from worsening, but there is still a tremendous shortfall. The mechanistic learning of concepts and textbook-dependent learning and teaching are ingrained in the system. As long as testing is fact-dominated and doesn't cover higher order skills such as critical thinking and analysis of problems, teachers and tutors will continue to teach to the test and the lecture-rote system will persevere. In-service teacher training, distance learning, and technology may help, but so far they reach relatively few teachers. The rigid centralized bureaucracy clogged with excess seniority-promoted staff is cumbersome and slow moving and the highly centralized educational planning and policy-making tend to disenfranchise the very people at the local level who are entrusted with achieving its goals. Local districts need to be able to make adjustments suited to local needs., and could ignite in the face of the sweeping educational changes aimed in that direction. Illiteracy is still extremely high, and eradication must continue to be a priority. The state's multi-pronged initiatives of the 1990s appear to be working and need to continue, as does the development of the rural alternative schools. Quality has not kept pace with quantity at the university level and there still appears to be a mismatch between university graduates and the fields of manpower needs and skill levels needs. Communication among agencies at the top educational levels is reported to be good. Vertical communication is poor however, as vividly illustrated by the attempt to impose national tests on the governates. Communication between policy-makes in national offices and regional and local implementers needs to be vastly improved.
Egypt recognizes the weaknesses and problems in its educational system and has gone to great lengths to address them, but there is a vast difference between idealized plans and implementation. A system short on resources, stifled by bureaucracy, and lacking in local expertise moves slowly. Only time will tell how well the comprehensive efforts of the 1990s to make education more relevant to national needs are working. Egypt has a long expensive road to travel given the enormity of illiteracy and vast educational shortages. The financial improvement at the millennium, stemming from rising oil revenues and better fiscal management, gives the education future a rosier glow than a decade ago.
===================================
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Razik Taher, and Diaa El-Din A. Zaher. "Egypt." In Issues and Problems in Teacher Education: An International Handbook, edited by Howard B. Leavitt, 91-108. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992.
Richards. Alan. "Higher Education in Egypt." Education and Employment Working Papers (WPS), no. 862. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1992.
In 1985-1986, nearly 155,000 primary and secondary teachers served 9.6 million people, a ratio of about 62 students per teacher. An over-abundance of administrators depleted salary budgets. Serious underfunding was reflected in deteriorating buildings, overcrowded schools and classrooms, poor or absent libraries, and lack of technology. Some city schools operated two and even three shifts daily. Crowded public classrooms held as many as 100 students in some Cairo schools, which was not the case in private schools. Only 31 percent of primary children attended a full-day school system. Most secondary schools lacked scientific laboratory and computer equipment.
Comprehensive educational planning tying educational programs and output to national needs was lacking. A serious mismatch between supply and demand produced incompetent degree-holders in unwanted subjects. Unemployment was high. Almost half of the students did not complete the basic school. Attendance was often poor and laws requiring primary school attendance were not enforced. Significant regional differences existed with nearly 90 percent of the urban children attending school, but that percentage was often far less than 50 percent for rural children. Dropout and grade repetition rates were high. Against this backdrop, massive changes began in the 1990s.
Egypt is in the midst of these changes as it implements a sweeping revision of its educational system; a revision aimed at upgrading and modernizing and transforming it into a coherent, continuous educational process. The primary and preparatory curricula were redesigned to be more relevant and more scientific with emphasis on experimentation and critical thinking. Texts and teaching manuals were revised. Kindergarten was designated as a part of the formal system and included in the comprehensive planning. Gender and rural/urban inequities and illiteracy are being addressed with special rural programs targeting girls, programs designed to be flexible and relevant to local needs.
To improve the quality and quantity of the teaching staff, pre-service and in-service training was revised and performance-related (merit) pay and changes in the technical standards of supervisors and inspectors instituted. Curriculum and texts are under revision in industrial schools with new specializations.
Medical insurance is provided for students in kindergarten and basic education, financed by charging the children four Egyptian pounds annually. (Private school students pay more.) These fees, plus fees for "additional services" and for taking primary and preparatory school exams, and the price of uniforms and tutoring costs (averaging 10 percent of family income per child in 1997) effectively removed the "free" from free education placing it out of reach for Egypt's poorest. No fees are charged however, in the rural community and one-classroom schools or to orphans whose fathers died in military or government service.
Education in Egypt will continue to face shortages of teachers, schools, and equipment unless the state makes a far greater financial commitment. Two decades of dropping birth rates means that the school-age population peaked in 1997 that should help to prevent shortages from worsening, but there is still a tremendous shortfall. The mechanistic learning of concepts and textbook-dependent learning and teaching are ingrained in the system. As long as testing is fact-dominated and doesn't cover higher order skills such as critical thinking and analysis of problems, teachers and tutors will continue to teach to the test and the lecture-rote system will persevere. In-service teacher training, distance learning, and technology may help, but so far they reach relatively few teachers. The rigid centralized bureaucracy clogged with excess seniority-promoted staff is cumbersome and slow moving and the highly centralized educational planning and policy-making tend to disenfranchise the very people at the local level who are entrusted with achieving its goals. Local districts need to be able to make adjustments suited to local needs., and could ignite in the face of the sweeping educational changes aimed in that direction. Illiteracy is still extremely high, and eradication must continue to be a priority. The state's multi-pronged initiatives of the 1990s appear to be working and need to continue, as does the development of the rural alternative schools. Quality has not kept pace with quantity at the university level and there still appears to be a mismatch between university graduates and the fields of manpower needs and skill levels needs. Communication among agencies at the top educational levels is reported to be good. Vertical communication is poor however, as vividly illustrated by the attempt to impose national tests on the governates. Communication between policy-makes in national offices and regional and local implementers needs to be vastly improved.
Egypt recognizes the weaknesses and problems in its educational system and has gone to great lengths to address them, but there is a vast difference between idealized plans and implementation. A system short on resources, stifled by bureaucracy, and lacking in local expertise moves slowly. Only time will tell how well the comprehensive efforts of the 1990s to make education more relevant to national needs are working. Egypt has a long expensive road to travel given the enormity of illiteracy and vast educational shortages. The financial improvement at the millennium, stemming from rising oil revenues and better fiscal management, gives the education future a rosier glow than a decade ago.
===================================
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Razik Taher, and Diaa El-Din A. Zaher. "Egypt." In Issues and Problems in Teacher Education: An International Handbook, edited by Howard B. Leavitt, 91-108. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992.
Richards. Alan. "Higher Education in Egypt." Education and Employment Working Papers (WPS), no. 862. Washington, DC: World Bank, 1992.
===================================
الترجمة
فى مطلع عام 1990 واجهت مصر مشكلات كبيرة فى
مجال التعليم تلك المشكلات تفاقمت بقلة معدلات محو الامية والانفجار السكانى لاسيما
فى مجال التعليم الاساسى والفنى والمهنى واصبح هناك أكتظاظ بالأعداد المتزايدة من الخريجين
والعاطلين وخاصة الغير مدربين . المناهج الدراسية بصورة عامة لا صلة لها بالطلاب. المدرسة كانت متفاوتة الجودة ، حيث أن المدارس فى
الحضر ليست بكفأة المدارس فى الأرياف حيث الأموال التى تدفع لمعلمين الدروس
الخصوصية .الذين يفتقرون لتتدريب فى مجال التربية والتعليم
ويعاقبون الاولاد بدنيا ويشجعوهم على الحفظ عن ظهر قلب بدلا من الفهم والتفكير لكثير
من المصريين والنتيجة معلوماتن مجزأة لن تكون أبدأ ارض خصبة للمعرفة فعند حدمة التدريب
المرهونة فى البيروقراطية وعدم اتساق التمويل تركها العديد من المعلمين لصالح التدريس
لكسب مال أضافى فتقييمات المدرسة ليس لها وجود لضعف الأمتحانات التى تقدم فى المدارس
الأبتدائية والأعدادية وامتحان المرحلة الثانوية هو ما يحتاج للمذاكرة فالتعليم المجانى
الذى يجمع بة الأنفجار السكانى الذى يؤدى الى زيادة التلاميذ عن قدرات المدارس
.والنقص فى عدد معلمى المرحلة الأبتدائية وخاصة
فى المدارس الريفية الذى ينتج عن أنخفاض مستوى المعيشة وضعف الأجور والكثير منهم يفر
الى وظائف أفضل فى بلدان أخرى .
فى عامى 1985-1986 ، ما يقرب من 155،000 معلم ابتدائي
وثانوي خدم 9.6 مليون شخص ، أي نسبة حوالي 62 طالبا لكل معلم .
وزيادة أعداد المسؤلين ذوى المرتبات الكبيرة
التى تؤدى الى تدهور المبانى والفصول الدراسية والأفتقار للمكتبات والتكنولوجيا . فبعض
المدارس فى المدن تعمل فترتين أو ثلاث فترات يوميا .ففصول المدارس العامة بها 100 تلميذ
بكل فصل فى بعض مدارس القاهرة التى ليست مثل المدارس الخاصة التى بها 31 فقط بالاضافة
الى نظام اليوم الدراسى الكامل .فمعظم المدارس الثانوية تفتقر للمعامل والمختبرات العلمية
وتقنيات الكمبيوتر .والأفتقار للتخطيط التربوى الشامل الذى يربط بين العملية التعليمية
وأحتياجات سوق العمل .وتضارب كبير فى قانون العرض والطلب يؤدى إلى وضع أصحاب الكفاءات
فى أعمال خارج تخصصهم . وارتفاع مستوى البطالة . ومايقارب من نصف التلاميذ لا يكملون
التعليم الأساسى .ونسبة الحضور ضعيف والقوانين
التى تجبر التلاميذ على الحضور غير رادعة . فالمؤشرات توحى بأنة هناك فارق فى حيث ان
ما يقارب من 90 % من التلاميذ فى الحضر ملتحقون بالمدارس بعكس الريف الذى بة أقل من
50% فقط هم لملتحقون بالمدارس . ومعدلات التسرب والرسوب مرتفعة ازاء هذا , فتغييرات
هائلة حدثت فى بداية 1990 .
مصر هي في خضم هذه التغيرات لأنها تطبق على
مراجعة شاملة لنظامها التعليمي ؛ مراجعة تهدف إلى تطويرها وتحديثها وتحويلها إلى
عملية تعليمية متماسكة ومستمرة . في المناهج الدراسية الابتدائية والإعدادية تم
تصميمها لتكون أكثر ملاءمة وأكثر علمية ، مع التركيز على التجريب والتفكير النقدي.
النصوص والمواد الدراسية نقحت
وأصبحت الروضة جزء من النظام التعليمى الرسمى ويدرج فى التخطيط الشامل.
المساواة
بين الجنسين والمناطق الريفية / الفوارق في المناطق الحضرية والأمية يجري تناولها مع
البرامج الخاصة التي تستهدف الفتيات في المناطق الريفية ، وبرامج تهدف إلى أن تكون
مرنة وذات صلة لتلبية الاحتياجات المحلية.
لتحسين
نوعية هيئة التدريس ، قبل الخدمة والتدريب أثناء الخدمة وتقييم الأداء أصبحوا مرتبطين
بزيادة الأجور والتغيرات التي طرأت على المعايير التقنية التى وضعت للمشرفين والمفتشين.
المناهج
والنصوص هي قيد المراجعة في المدارس الصناعية مع وضع تخصصات جديدة.
التأمين
الطبي يتم توفيرها للطلاب في رياض الأطفال والتعليم الأساسي ، وتمول عن طريق فرض رسوم
4 جنيهات سنويا على الطلاب (التلاميذ فى المدارس الخاصة يدفعون أكثر من ذلك )
هذه الرسوم
، بالإضافة إلى رسوم على "الخدمات الإضافية" واتخاذ الابتدائي والاعدادي
في الامتحانات المدرسية ، وثمن الزي المدرسي وتكاليف الدروس الخصوصية (أى ما يقارب
10بالمئة من دخل الأسرة تنفق على الطفل الواحد فى عام 1997)
الذى
أدى الى عدم مجانية التعليم ونبذ الفقراء فى مصرعن العملية التعليمية
بالرغم
من ذلك لا تدفع المصاريف , فى المدارس الريفية , أو مدارس الفصل الواحد واليتامى الذين
مات أبائهم فى الخدمة العسكرية أو فى الحكومة .
سيظل
التعليم في مصريواجه نقصا في المعلمين،والمدارس،والمعدات ما لم تكن الدولة توفرالتزامات
مالية أكبر .
من عقدين
من انخفاض معدلات المواليد يعني أن عدد السكان في سن المدرسة بلغت ذروتها في عام
1997 من شأنها أن تساعد على منع تفاقم النقص ، ولكن لا يزال هناك نقص هائل.
والتعلم
الآلي للمفاهيم والكتب المدرسية للتعليم والتدريس أصبحت متأصلة في النظام. طالما الاختبار
هو الواقع ، والتي يهيمن عليها لا تغطي أعلى المهارات بغية مثل التفكير النقدي وتحليل
المشاكل فالمدرسين والمعلمين سيواصلون التدريس للاختبار ، وتحفيظ التلاميذ الدروس عن
ظهر قلب نظام سوف نثابر. في تدريب المعلمين أثناء الخدمة ، التعلم عن بعد ، والتكنولوجيا
قد تساعد ، ولكن حتى الان لم تصل إلى عدد قليل نسبيا من المعلمين.
البيروقراطية
الجامدة مركزية وانسداد مع ألأقدمية الزائدة التي تروج للموظفين هي مرهقة وبطيئة الحركة
، ودرجة عالية من المركزية في التخطيط التربوي وصنع السياسة تميل إلى حرمان الشعب جدا
على المستوى المحلي الذين يعهد تحقيق أهدافها.
\ المقاطعات
المحلية تحتاج أن تكون قادرة على إجراء تعديلات مناسبة للاحتياجات المحلية
فالدولة
تحتاج الى العمل وأستكمال ما تم بدأة فى عام 1990 من تطوير للمدارس الريفية
كما يتم
تحديث المدارس وتطويرها
لا يزال
هناك عدم تطابق بين خريجي الجامعات ومجالات احتياجات القوى العاملة ومستويات المهارة
الاحتياجات.
فالأرتباط
بين الهيئات العليا للتعليم هو جيد نوعا ما ولكنها مازالت ضعيفة مثلما أتضح لنا عند
فرض اختبار شامل على المحافظات .
التواصل
السياسى في المكاتب الوطنية والإقليمية والمحلية على التنفيذ يحتاج إلى تحسين
مصر تقر
نقاط الضعف والمشاكل في نظامها التعليمي ، ولقد بذلنا جهودا كبيرة للتصدي لها ، ولكن
هناك فرقا شاسعا بين المثالية وخطط التنفيذ.
نظام
يفتقر الموارد مخنوق بالبيروقراطية ويفتقر للخبرات المحلية ويسير ببطئ
فقط الوقت
هو من سيخبرنا بجهود 1990 لجعل التعليم أكثر ملائمة للأحتاجات الوطنية
فمصرمازال
لديها طريق طويل، نظرا لضخامة نسبة الأمية ونقص التعليم
التحسن
المالي في الألفية الجديدة ، الناجمة عن ارتفاع عائدات النفط ، وتحسين الإدارة المالية
، ويعطي للمستقبل التعليم توهج فقدة من عقد من الزمان.
==================================================
المصدر
رزق طاهر،وضياء
الدين عبد الظاهر. "مصر". في القضايا والمشاكل في تدريب المعلمين كتيب دولي
، حرره هوارد باء ليفيت ، 91-108. نيويورك : مطبعة غرينوود برس ، 1992.ريتشاردز. ألان.
"التعليم العالي في مصر". التعليم والتوظيف ورقات عمل (النارجيلة) ، لا.
862. واشنطن ، العاصمة : البنك الدولي ، 1992.





+ التعليقات + 1 التعليقات
Hmm іѕ anуοne elѕe hаvіng problems with the pictures οn thiѕ blog loading?
I'm trying to determine if its a problem on my end or if it's the blog.
Any fеedbасκ ωoulԁ be
gгеatly apрreсiаtеԁ.
Alѕо ѵisіt my weblog; garden centers
إرسال تعليق